DEFENITION OF ALLOMORPH AND ZERO ALLOMORPH

      allomorph is a variant form of a morpheme. Long and leng(th), for example, are allomorphs of a single morpheme. Adjective: allomorphic.
Depending on the context, allomorphs can vary in shape and pronunciation without changing meaning. The formal relation between phonological allomorphs is called an alternation.


An allomorph is one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments.

Discussion
	The allomorphs of a morpheme are derived from phonological rules and any morphophonemic rules that may apply to that morpheme.

Examples (English)
	The plural morpheme in English, usually written as '-s', has at least three allomorphs:
	[-s] as in [hQts] 'hats' [-z] as in [d&u0254;gz] 'dogs' [«z] as in [bŒks«z] 'boxes'

Examples and Observations

• "[A]n underlying morpheme can have multiple surface level allomorphs (recall that the prefix 'allo' means 'other'). That is, what we think of as a single unit (a single morpheme) can actually have more than one pronunciation (multiple allomorphs). . . . We can use the following analogy:

  phoneme : allophone = morpheme : allomorph"

  (Paul W. Justice, Relevant Linguistics: An Introduction to the Structure and Use of English for Teachers, 2nd ed. CSLI, 2004)

• Complementary Distribution
      "The indefinite article is a good example of a morpheme with more than one allomorph. It is realised by the two forms a and an. The sound at the beginning of the following word determines the allomorph that is selected. If the word following the indefinite article begins with a consonant, the allomorph a is selected, but if it begins with a vowel the allomorph an is used instead . . .."
  
  "[A]llomorphs of a morpheme are in complementary distribution. This means that they cannot substitute for each other. Hence, we cannot replace one allomorph of a morpheme by another allomorph of that morpheme and change meaning."
  (Francis Katamba, English Words: Structure, History, Usage, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2004 

 Zero allomorph

                The symbol 0, indicating an absence of quantity or magnitude; nought,   (Former name)    cipher  

   the integer denoted by the symbol 0; nought  

      the cardinal number between +1 and --1  

   nothing; nil  

   a person or thing of no significance; nonentity  

   the lowest point or degree  
his prospects were put at zero     

     the line or point on a scale of measurement from which the graduations commence  

 

   The temperature, pressure, etc., that registers a reading of zero on a scale  

   the value of a variable, such as temperature, obtained under specified conditions  

      a gunsight setting in which accurate allowance has been made for both windage and elevation for a specified    range  

     (Maths)  

   the cardinal number of a set with no members  

   the identity element of addition  

     (Linguistics)  

  an allomorph with no phonetic realization, as the plural marker of English sheep

     allomorph with no phonetic realization, as the plural marker of English sheep  

   (as modifier)  
a zero form     

      (Finance, Also called)   zero-coupon bond   a bond that pays no interest, the equivalent being paid in its redemption value  
   Compare     →   Zebra  

 

      http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-definition/zero%20allomorph

 

DEFENITION OF SIMILE

What is a Simile?

A simile is a figure of speech that compares two things by using the words ‘like’ or ‘as’ something else. They are compared indirectly.

Simile Definition

             A simile is a figure of speech that makes a comparison, showing similarities between two different things. Unlike a metaphor, a simile draws resemblance with the help of the words “like” or “as”. Therefore, it is a direct comparison.

 We can find simile examples in our daily speech. We often hear comments like “John is as slow as a snail.” Snails are notorious for their slow pace and here the slowness of John is compared to that of a snail. The use of “as” in the example helps to draw the resemblance. Some more examples of common similes are given below.Simile is an explicit comparison between two unlike things through the use of connecting words, usually “like” or “as.” The technique of simile is known as a rhetorical analogy, as it is a device used for comparison. The other most popular rhetorical analogy is metaphor, which shares some traits and is often confused with simile. We explain the difference in greater detail below.

Common Examples of Simile

• Our soldiers are as brave as lions.
• Her cheeks are red lik
• He is as funny as a monkey.
• The water well was as dry as a bone.
• He is as cunning as a fox.

Simile inputs vividness into what we say. Authors and poets utilize comparisons to convey their sentiments and thoughts through vivid word pictures like a simile.

Simile Examples in Literature

Example #1

Written by Joseph Conrad,

“I would have given anything for the power to soothe her frail soul, tormenting itself in its invincible ignorance like a small bird beating about the cruel wires of a cage.”

The lines have been taken from Lord Jim. The helplessness of the soul is being compared with a bird in a cage beating itself against the merciless wires of the cage, to be free.

“. . . impressions poured in upon her of those two men, and to follow her thought was like following a voice which speaks too quickly to be taken down by one’s pencil . . .”

She says both are difficult to follow and cannot be copied in words by a pen

Example 2

Taken from a short story Lolita written by Vladimir Nabokov,

“Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of Pisa.”

This simile produces a humorous effect by comparing old women leaning

Example 3

Robert Burns uses a simile to describe the beauty of his beloved.

“O my Luve’s like a red, red rose
That’s newly sprung in June;
O my Luve’s like the melodie
That’s sweetly played in tune.”

He says that his love is a fresh red rose that blossoms in the spring.

Example 4

Taken from the poem the Daffodils.

“I wandered lonely as a cloud
that floats on high o’er vales and hills.”

The poet envisions himself as a free lone cloud that floats in a blue sky above valleys and the mountains. By choosing this simile, Wordsworth describes his loneliness.

Example 6

A significant thing to consider here is that at times simile is drawn without using “as” or “like”. Consider the following example,

“Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate”

(William Shakespeare, Sonnet 18)
In the above example, we see a comparison being drawn between the poet’s darling and “a summer’s day” not using “as” or “like”. However, it is not a metaphor. The use of the word “compare” makes the comparison a simile.

Difference Between Simile and Metaphor

       http://www.literarydevices.com/simile/As stated above, simile and metaphor are often confused. Though the difference is simple between the definition of simile and that of metaphor, it can be profound. While simile compares two things with the connecting words “like” or “as,” metaphor simply states that one thing is the other. For example, a simile would be, “He was as aggressive as a tiger in that argument,” whereas a metaphor would be, “He was a tiger in that argument.” Metaphors are thus subtler and can be stronger in a rhetorical sense, because they equate the two things in comparison rather than just present them as similar. Similes, however, allow for truly bizarre comparisons that make the reader stretch to understand the connection between them.

function of Simile

        From the above discussion, we can infer the function of similes both in our everyday life as well as in literature. Using similes attracts the attention and appeals directly to the senses of listeners or readers encouraging their imagination to comprehend what is being communicated. In addition, it inspires life-like quality in our daily talks and in the characters of fiction or poetry. Simile allows readers to relate the feelings of a writer or a poet to their personal experiences. Therefore, the use of similes makes it easier for the readers to understand the subject matter of a literary text, which may have been otherwise too demanding to be comprehended. Like metaphors, similes also offer variety in our ways of thinking and offers new perspectives of viewing the world.

 http://www.literarydevices.com/simile/
 

DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION IMPLICATION

                            DENOTATION AND CONNOTATION IMPLICATION 


         Denotation is generally defined as literal or dictionary meanings of a word in contrast to its connotative or associated meanings.
Let us try to understand this term with the help of an example. If you search for meaning of the word “dove” in a dictionary, you will see that its meaning is “a type of pigeon, a wild and domesticated bird having a heavy body and short legs.” In literature, however, you frequently see “dove” referred to as a symbol of peace. 

• Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition."¨ For example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is "any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles¡Khaving a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions."
• Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meanings. The connotations for the word snake could include evil or danger.
•  
•      The connotation of a word can be thought of as a kind of smell the word has. If you can tell the associational company the word keeps, then, that smell is meant to rub off on the words around it or the subject the word is aimed at. A word might connote guy talk, for example, if it is the word guys sometimes use. It then might connote a male or masculine world. 
•  
•     for connotations and denotations on Google.com, you will find hundreds of pages from the simple to the complex that will define Connotation and Denotation for you. Some involve exercises. If you work with these pages, you will gradually develop strategies for investigating the tone of a literary text through an examination of the connotations of its language. That is our goal--to work with literature. However, literature is not the only discourse that makes extensive use of the connotative capacity of language. Persuasion, propaganda, advertising are obvious users of connotations.

          Difference between Denotation and connotation

     The terms, denotation and connotation, are used to convey and distinguish between two different kinds of meanings or extensions of a word. A denotation is the strict, literal, definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color. The connotation of a word or term adds elements of emotion, attitude, or color. The meaning or use of denotation and connotation depends partly on the field of study.

 


`

      Usage

      Within contemporary society, connotation branches into a culmination of different meanings. These could include the contrast of a word or phrase with its primary, literal meaning (known as a denotation), with what that word or phrase specifically denotes. The connotation essentially relates to how anything may be associated with a word or phrase, for example, an implied value judgment or feelings.

• A stubborn person may be described as being either "strong-willed" or "pig-headed." Although these have the same literal meaning (that is, stubborn), strong-willed connotes admiration for someone's convictions, while pig-headed connotes frustration in dealing with someone. Likewise, "used car" and "previously owned car.

         Function of Denotation

     Readers are familiar with denotations of words but denotations are generally restricted meanings. Writers, therefore, deviate from the denotative meanings of words to create fresh ideas and images that add deeper levels of meanings to common and ordinary words. Readers find it convenient to grasp the connotative meanings of words because of the fact that they are familiar to their literal meanings
.


1.  An example of denotation literary term can be found in the poetic work of Robert Frost’s “Mending Wall”:

“And on a day we meet to walk the line
And set the wall between us once again.
We keep the wall between us as we go.
To each the boulders that have fallen to each.”

2. William Wordsworth in his poem “A Slumber Did My Spirit Seal” says:

“A slumber did my spirit seal;
I had no human fears–
She seemed a thing that could not feel
The touch of earthly years.
No motion has she now, no force;
She neither hears nor sees;
Roll’d round in earth’s diurnal course
With rocks, and stones, and trees

                 IMPLICATION 

 Definition of implication

• : a possible future effect or result
• : something that is suggested without being said directly : something that is implied
• : the fact or state of being involved in or connected to something (such as a crime) : the fact or state of being implicated in something
   

    Sentence Examples

---

• Lisa ignored his crude implication and kept her attention on his mother.
• She ignored his implication that women should be punished like children.
• The implication was as obvious as it was annoying.
• But Dean's denial of Cynthia's implication appeared well founded given her reaction to the discovery of the body in Norfolk.
• She started to defend herself, but his implication was insulting.

Noun

(en-noun)

(uncountable) The act of implicating.

(uncountable) The state of being implicated.

(countable) An implying, or that which is implied, but not expressed; an inference, or something which may fairly be understood, though not expressed in words.

(logic) (countable ) The connective in propositional calculus that, when joining two predicates A and B in that order, has the meaning "if A is true, then B is true".

       As nouns the difference between implication and connotation

is that implication is (uncountable) the act of implicating while connotation is a meaning of a word or phrase that is suggested or implied, as opposed to a denotation, or literal meaning a characteristic of words or phrases, or of the contexts that words and phrases are used in.

https://bowvalleycollege.ca/Documents/Learning%20Resource%20Services/Library%20Learning%20Commons/E-Resources/Study%20guides/writing%20deno_conno.pdf 

free morphemes and bound morphemes

Free Morphemes and Bound Morphemes

 

                 Morphemes that can stand alone to function as words are called free morphemes. They comprise simple words (i.e. words made up of one free morpheme) and compound words (i.e. words made up of two free morphemes).

Examples:

Simple words: the, run, on, well

Compound words: keyboard, greenhouse, bloodshed, smartphone

Morphemes that can only be attached to another part of a word (cannot stand alone) are called bound morphemes.

Examples:

pre-, dis-, in-, un-, -ful, -able, -ment, -ly, -ise

pretest, discontent, intolerable, receive

Complex words are words that are made up of both free morpheme(s) and bound morpheme(s), or two or more bound morphemes.
Roll your mouse over the words below to see how many morphemes are there and whether they are free morphemes or bound morphemes.

type of morphemes

In linguistics, we would further classify morphemes as either as phonemes (the smallest units of grammar recognizable by sound) or graphemes (the smallest units of written language). For our purposes, we will focus on graphemes. Let's examine the word nonperishable, analyze it, and then discuss terms associated with it. Nonperishable is comprised of three morphemes: non-, perish, and -able. It actually has five syllables though, which is a good example of why morphemes and syllables are not synonymous. non- is an example of a prefix, or a morpheme that precedes a base morpheme perish is an example of a base morpheme, as it gives the word its essential meaning -able is an example of a suffix, or a morpheme that follows a base morpheme Both non- and -able are examples of an affix, a morpheme attached prior to or following a base that cannot function independently as a word. We can also take a look at this chart to see some examples of how morphemes work: