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onomatopeai

             onomatopoeia defenition

nomatopoeia is defined as a word, which imitates the natural sounds of a thing. It creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting.

For instance, saying, “The gushing stream flows in the forest” is a more meaningful description than just saying, “The stream flows in the forest.” The reader is drawn to hear the sound of a “gushing stream” which makes the expression more effective.In addition to the sound they represent, many onomatopoeic words have developed meanings of their own. For example, “whisper” not only represents the sound of people talking quietly, but also describes the action of people talking quietly

 For example, “whisper” not only represents the sound of people talking quietly, but also describes the action of people talking quietly.

    Common Examples of Onomatopoeia

• The buzzing bee flew away.

• The sack fell into the river with a splash.

• The books fell on the table with a loud thump.

• He looked at the roaring sky.

• The rustling leaves kept me awake.

• Meow

• Moo

• Neigh

• Tweet

• oink

• Baa
• 
  

•      Onomatopoeia and Phanopoeia

  Onomatopoeia, in its more complicated use, takes the form of phanopoeia. Phanopoeia is a form of onomatopoeia that describes the sense of things rather than their natural sounds. D.H Lawrence in his poem “Snake” illustrates the use of this form:

  “He reached down from a fissure in the earth-wall in the gloom
  And trailed his yellow-brown slackness soft-bellied down, over the
  edge of the stone trough
  And rested his throat upon the stone bottom,
  And where the water had dripped from the tap, in a small clearness
  He sipped with his straight mouth,…”

  The rhythm and length of the above lines, along with the use of “hissing” sounds, create a picture of a snake in the minds of the readers.

      Function of Onomatopoeia

  Generally, words are used to tell what is happening. Onomatopoeia, on the other hand, helps the readers to hear the sounds the words they reflect. Hence, the reader cannot help but enter the world created by the poet with the aid of these words. The beauty of onomatopoeic words lies in the fact that they are bound to have an effect on the readers’ senses whether they are understood or not. Moreover, a simple plain expression does not have the same emphatic effect that conveys an idea powerfully to the readers. The use of onomatopoeic words helps creathttp://literarydevices.net/onomatopoeia/e emphasi 
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• http://literarydevices.net/onomatopoeia/http://literarydevices.net/onomatopoeia/

antonomasia and conversion

  Conversion

 w  Conversion: this process is also known as zero-derivation. This process changes the part of speech and meaning of an existing root without producing any change in pronunciation or spelling and without adding any affix.

w  Process where by an item is adopted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix.

Conversion to noun:            de- verbal:                            'state'                                    love, want, desire 
                                                            'event/activity'                  laugh, fall, search
                                                            'object of V'                         answer, find

            De-adjectival: there is no very productive pattern of adjective-noun conversion. Examples:
                                                I'd like two pints of bitter [=type of beer].
                                                They're running in the final [=final race].
                                               

Conversion to verb:
            De- nominal:                       'to put in/on N'                 bottle, garage
                                                'to give N', 'to provide with N  ' coat, mask, oil, plaster
                                                'to send/go by N'               mail, telegraph, bicycle, boat

            De-adjectival:           (transitive verbs) 'to make adj'
                                                                           or 'to make more adj' calm, dry, dirty
                                                (intransitive verbs) 'to become adj' empty, narrow, yellow

Types of Conversion

w  From Verb to Noun

to attack à attack

to hope à hope

to cover à cover

w  From Noun to Verb

comb à to comb

sand à to sand

party à to partyIn some cases, conversion is accompanied by a change in the stress pattern known as stress shift.

transpórt (V) à tránsport (N)

rewríte (V) à réwrite (N) 

condúct (V) à cónduct (N) 

subjéct (V) à súbject (N)

Examples

I need someone to come to the blackboard.

Is there a volunteer?

Someone has to volunteer.

Otherwise, I will volunteer someone.

w  From Name to Verb

Harpo  à to Harpo

Houdini à to Houdini

w  From Adjective to Verb

dirty  à to dirty

slow  à to slow

w  From Preposition to Verb

out  à to out

http://qiru.blogspot.co.id/2012/12/morphology-conversion.html

. What is Antonomasia?

Antonomasia (pronounced an-tuh-nuh–mey-zhuh) is a literary term in which a descriptive phrase replaces a person’s name.  Antonomasia can range from lighthearted nicknames to epic names.

The phrase antonomasia is derived from the Greek phrase antonomazein meaning “to name differently.”

Examples of Antonomasia

Oftentimes, antonomasia is used to call attention to a certain characteristic.

Example 1

Imagine that you have a friend who is a fantastic chef, and you want to say hello.

Normal sentence:

“Oh, look! Sam’s arrived!”

Sentence with Antonomasia:

“Oh, look! The great chef has arrived!”

Here, the use of antonomasia allows you to greet your friend with a nickname which also reveals something about his character: he’s a great chef.

The importance of using Antonomasia

    Antonomasia can provide someone with a strong epithet which further celebrates and memorializes their great deeds. In advertising and pop culture, such wording can also further celebrate the famous, such as The Beatles as “The Fab Four.”

Uses for antonomasia vary slightly depending on the time period. In the past, antonomasia would be used to designate class members, as oftentimes people’s names were linked to their professions. Antonomasia was also used in the past to give positive names to strong warriors and negative names to weak or nasty people.

Here are a few examples of antonomasia in the past:

• Aristotle as “The Philosopher”
• Winston Churchill as “The Great Commoner”
• William Shakespeare as “The Bard”

In this way, the past is similar to the present, as we tend to use antonomasia purely for enjoyment and fun with nicknames.

Antonomasia vs  Archetypal Names

    Antonomasia and Archetypal names both provide characters with nicknames, but they do so in different ways. Whereas antonomasia is not a proper name, archetypal names are proper names. They are like antonomasia in that they use characteristics of a person, but they are used directly within the name.

Here is an example:

You have a friend who is from Texas.

Archetypal Name: Tex

   Tex references Texas, and for this reason, this person’s name is a reflection of where they once lived.Antonomasia: Cowboy Dave

By calling your friend Cowboy Dave, you are referencing Texan culture, but not directly naming him after it. For this reason, the nickname is considered antonomasia rather than an archetypal name.

  

 In Closing

     provides characters with more exciting names and nicknames which reflect certain characteristics, feats, or professions. Although we witness serious and royal antonomasia less often these days, we still use antonomasia in the form of nicknames on a daily basis.

http://literaryterms.net/antonomasia/

metonymy,synecdoche and hiperbole

I. What is a Metonymy?

The pen is mightier than the sword.

Although literally a pen has no power over a sword, we understand this phrase means that the written word, persuasion, and the sharing of ideas are more powerful than fighting, physical force, and war. This phrase uses metonymy (pronounced mi-ton–uh-mee), which is the replacement of words with related or associated words. In the example, we replaced “written words” with “the pen.”

The word metonymy is derived from the Greek phrase metōnymía meaning “a change of name.”

 Examples of Metonymy

Example 1

Hollywood has been releasing a surprising amount of sci-fi movies lately.

Hollywood is literally a district in Los Angeles, but because it has come to be linked to the entertainment business, celebrities, and movie-making, it is a common example of metonymy. Instead of listing various directors and films released in various areas, “Hollywood,” an associated word, will suffice.

Example 2

The Importance of Metonymy

Because associative and referential thinking are so natural and automatic to us, metonymies can be found and understood frequently in everyday language, literature, and pop culture. Metonymies allow for brevity by replacing lists with an associated category. They summarize complicated processes or programs with shortened phrases. Finally, they emphasize the most important and defining characteristics of a subject such as a “Margherita” for a “Margherita pizza.”

IV. Examples of Metonymy in Literature

Example 1

From Richard Russo’s novel Straight Man:

As I drift back into sleep, I can’t help thinking that it’s a wonderful thing to be right about the world. To weigh the evidence, always incomplete, and correctly intuit the whole, to see the world in a grain of sand, to recognize its beauty, its simplicity, In this example, the narrator is not literally talking about an understanding of the entire world, but an understanding of how life works in a particular society of the world. With metonymy, this idea can be presented as simply “the world.”

 http://study.com/academy/lesson/metonymy-in-literature-definition-types-examples.html

Synecdoche Definition

      Synecdoche is a literary device in which a part of something represents the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part.

Synecdoche may also use larger groups to refer to smaller groups or vice versa. It may also call a thing by the name of the material it is made of or it may refer to a thing in a container or packing by the name of that container or packing.

Synecdoche Examples from Everyday Life

It is very common to refer to a thing by the name of its parts. Let us look at some of the examples of synecdoche that we can hear from casual conversations:

• The word “bread” refers to food or money as in “Writing is my bread and butter” or “sole breadwinner”.
• The phrase “gray beard” refers to an old man.
• The word “sails” refers to a whole ship.
• The word “suits” refers to businessmen.
• The word “boots” usually refers to soldiers.
• The term “coke” is a common synecdoche for all carbonated drinks.
• “Pentagon” is a synecdoche when it refers to a few decision makers.
• The word “glasses” refers to spectacles.
• “Coppers” often refers to coins.

Examples of Synecdoche in Literature

Coleridge employs synecdoche in his poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner:

“The western wave was all a-flame.
The day was well was nigh done!
Almost upon the western wave
Rested the broad bright Sun”

function of Synecdoche

     Literary symbolism is developed by the writers who employ synecdoche in their literary works. By using synecdoche, the writers give otherwise common ideas and objects deeper meanings and thus draw readers’ attention.

Furthermore, the use of synecdoche helps writers to achieve brevity. For instance, saying “Soldiers were equipped with steel” is more concise than saying “The soldiers were equipped with swords, knives, daggers, arrows etc.”

Like any other literary device, synecdoche when used appropriately adds a distinct color to words making them appear vivid. To insert this “life” factor to literary works, writers describe simple ordinary things creatively with the aid of this literary device.

www.literarydevices.com/synecdoche/ 

Hyperbole Definition

 

Hyperbole, derived from a Greek word meaning “over-casting” is a figure of speech, which involves anexaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.

It is a device that we employ in our day-to-day speech. For instance, when you meet a friend after a long time, you say, “Ages have passed since I last saw you”. You may not have met him for three or four hours or a day, but the use of the word “ages” exaggerates this statement to add emphasis to your wait.  Therefore, a hyperbole is an unreal exaggeration to emphasize the real situation. Some other common 

Common Examples of Hyperbole

• My grandmother is as old as the hills.
• Your suitcase weighs a ton!
• She is as heavy as an elephant!
• I am dying of shame.
• I am trying to solve a million issues these days.

It is important not to confuse hyperbole with simile and metaphor. It does make a comparison but unlikesimile and metaphor, hyperbole has a humorous effect created by an overstatement.

Let us see some examples from Classical English literature in which hyperbole was used successfully.

Hyperbole Examples from LiteratureFunction of Hyperbole

The above arguments make clear the use of hyperbole. In our daily conversation, we use hyperbole to emphasize for an amusing effect. However, in literature it has very serious implications. By using hyperbole, a writer or a poet makes common human feelings remarkable and intense to such an extent that they do not remain ordinary. In literature, usage of hyperbole develops contrasts. When one thing is described with an over-statement and the other thing is presented normally, a striking contrast is developed. This technique is employed to catch the reader’s attention.

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-hyperboles.html

acronym and blending

defenition of acronym

          An acronym is a word formed from the initial letters of a name (for example, NATO, from North Atlantic Treaty Organization) or by combining initial letters of a series of words (radar, from radio detection and ranging). Adjective: acronymic. Also called a protogram.
Strictly speaking, says lexicographer John Ayto, an acronym "denotes a combination pronounced as a word . . . rather than as just a sequence of letters" (A Century of New Words, 2007).
An anacronym is an acronym (or other initialism) for which the expanded form isn't widely known or used, such as OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration).
See Examples and Observations below. Also see:

These acronyms are very widely used, making them some of the most popular to appear in the English language.

• RADAR - Radio detecting and ranging
• LASER - Light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation.
• NATO - The North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
• UNICEF - The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
• SCUBA - Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus.
• WASP - White anglo saxon protestant.

Examples and Observations

• Acronyms and Abbreviations
  "The difference between acronyms and abbreviations is this: acronyms are proper words created from the initial letter or two of the words in a phrase, and they are pronounced like other words (cf. snafu, radar, laser, or UNESCO). By contrast, abbreviations do not form proper words, and so they are pronounced as strings of letters, for example, S.O.B., IOU, U.S.A., MP, lp, or tv."
  (Keith Allan and Kate Burridge, Euphemism and Dysphemism. Oxford University Press, 1991)
   

http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/acronym.html

• 
  
• "There is only one known pre-20th-century word with an acronymic origin . . .: colinderies or colinda, an acronym for the Colonial and Indian Exposition (1886)."
  (David Wilton, Word Myths, 2004)
   
• BOMFOG: from the initial letters in "Brotherhood Of Man, Fatherhood Of God." First used by journalists to refer to a familiar theme in Nelson Rockefeller's speeches; now refers to pious blather of any kind.
   
• KISS: from "Keep It Simple, Stupid"--advice often given to speakers and writers.
   
• Acronymic Textspeak
  "Many acronyms meant to be written have wormed their way into spoken language--just ask your BFF, or the co-worker who prefaces everything with 'FYI.' Lately, this is also the case for Internet slang.
  
  "First developed about 20 years ago to streamline conversation on chat platforms like Usenet and IRC and popularized on AOL instant messenger and Gmail chat, terms like LOL (laugh out loud), OMG (oh my God) and BTW (by the way) now seem to be popping up in real life (IRL)."
  (Douglas Quenqua, "Alphabet Soup." The New York Times, September 23, 2011)
  
   
• The Ancient Roots of Acronymy
  "Acronymy has ancient roots, as illustrated by the early Christian use of the Greek word ichthys meaning 'fish' as an acronym for Iēsous Christos, Theou Huios, Sōtēr ('Jesus Christ, God's son, Savior'). In English, the first known acronyms (as opposed to plain old initialisms) cropped up in the telegraphic code developed by Walter P. Phillips for the United Press Association in 1879. The code abbreviated 'Supreme Court of the United States' as SCOTUS and 'President of the . . .' as POT, giving way to POTUS by 1895. Those shorthand labels have lingered in journalistic and diplomatic circles--now joined by FLOTUS, which of course stands for 'First Lady of the United States.'"
  (Ben Zimmer, "On Language: Acronym." The New York Times Magazine, December 19, 2010)
   
• Abbreviating the Titles of Doctors
  For medical doctors, write either Dr. Jan Jones or Jan Jones, M.D. (Don't write Dr. Jan Jones, M.D.) For nonmedical doctors, write Dr. Sam Smith or Sam Smith, Ph.D. (Don't write Dr. Sam Smi
• Placing a Period at the End of an Abbreviation
  In American usage, an abbreviation that includes the first and last letters of a single word (Doctor, for example) is usually followed by a period (Dr.). In British usage, the period (or full stop) is usually omitted (Dr).
• th, Ph.D.)
• Abbreviating Months and Days
  If the month is preceded or followed by a numeral (14 Aug. or Aug. 14), abbreviate Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug., Sep. (or Sept.), Oct., Nov., Dec. Don't abbreviate May, June, and July. As a general rule, don't abbreviate the month if it appears alone or with just the year. And don't abbreviate the days of the week unless they appear in charts, tables, or slides.
• Using Common Abbreviations
  Certain abbreviations are never spelled out: a.m., p.m., B.C. (or B.C.E.), A.D. (or C.E.). Unless your style guide says otherwise, use lower case or small capitals for a.m. and p.m. Use capital letters or small caps for B.C. and A.D. (the periods are optional). Traditionally, B.C. comes after the year and A.D. comes before it, but nowadays the abbreviation commonly follows the year in both instances.
• Using the Abbreviation Etc
•  
  The Latin abbreviation etc. (short for et cetera) means "and others." Never write "and etc." And don't use etc. at the end of a list introduced by "such as" or "including."
• Placing a Period After Each Letter in an Acronym or an Initialism
  Though there are exceptions, as a general rule omit the periods: NATO, DVD, IBM.
• Punctuating an Abbreviation at the End of a Sentence
  Use just one period when an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence. The single period does double duty--marking the abbreviation and closing the sentence.
• Avoiding RAS Syndrome
  RAS syndrome is a humorous initialism for "Redundant Acronym [or Abbreviation] Syndrome syndrome." Avoid redundant expressions such as ATM machine and BBC corporation.
• Avoiding Alphabet Soup
  Alphabet soup (also called initialese) is a metaphor for an overabundance of abbreviations and acronyms. If you're unsure whether the meaning of an abbreviation is familiar to your readers, write out the word. 
• http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/A/acronym.html
• 
  

  

     A blend is a word formed by merging the sounds and meanings of two or more other words or word parts. Also known as a portmanteau word.
  One common type of blend is a full word followed by a word part (called a splinter), as in motorcade (motor + cavalcade).
  See Examples and Observations below. A

• Examples and Observations

• affluenza (affluent + influenza)
• agitprop (agitation + propaganda)
• alcopop (alcohol + pop)
• bash (bat + mash)
• biopic (biography + picture)
• Breathalyzer (breath + analyzer)
• camcorder (camera + recorder)
• chexting (cheating + texting)
• clash (clap + crash)

	Examples of blend in a sentence The music blends traditional and modern melodies. She blends psychology and crime in her new novel.  blending. 1. to mix smoothly and inseparably together: to blend the ingredients in a recipe. 2. to mix (various sorts or grades) in order to obtain a particular kind or quality: Blend a little red paint with the blue paint. 3. to prepare by such mixture: This tea is blended by mixing chamomile with pekoe. 4. to pronounce (an utterance) as a combined sequence of sounds. verb (used without object), blended or blent, blending. 5. to mix or intermingle smoothly and inseparably: I can't get the eggs and cream to blend.  . to mix or intermingle smoothly and inseparably: I can't get the eggs and cream to blend. 6. to fit or relate harmoniously; accord; go: The brown sofa did not blend with the purple wall. 7. to have no perceptible separation: Sea and sky seemed to blend. noun 8. an act or manner of blending: tea of our own blend. 9. a mixture or kind produced by blending: a special blend of rye and wheat flours. 10. Linguistics. a word made by putting together parts of other words, as motel, made from motor and hotel, brunch, from breakfast and lunch, or guesstimate, from guess and estimate. 11. a sequence of two or more consonant sounds within a syllable, as the bl in blend; consonant cluster.
	http://www.dictionary.com/browse/blend