history little

                                                      bismillah

untuk hari ini dan seterus nya ,saya berharap semangat dan motivasi ini selalu ada ,walaupun pun tearkadang saya tidak mampu dan sama sekali tidak siap saya tetap memberanikan diri untuk menghadapi nya ,karna menurut philosophi yang saya baca keajaiban berpihak pada orang yang berani ,jadi untuk apa takut ,
       dan sekarang umur saya sudah bertambah genap 21 tahun ,rasa nya baru kemaren saya pergi kesekolah dengan semangat yang luar biasa yang menempuh perjalanan 3 setengah km tiap hari nya ,karna kampung saya jauh dari yang nama nya perkotaan dan jalan raya yang sangat bagus seperti yang kurasa kan saat ini
dan sekarang saya kulia di sebuah universitas ternama di pekanbaru UNIVERSITAS LANCANG KUNING .

      saya sudah semester 4 mudah 2han allah memberikan saya kekuatan dan semngat yang mendalam agar bisa mennyelesai kan studyku ini ,dream big saya sebelum saya menikah saya ingin memberikan  kebahagian untuk orang2 yang ku sayangi nanti nya,dan  saya ingin mengambang kan kampung saya yang jauh dari teknology,pendididkan ,dan nuansa parkotaan ,menurut penelitiian saya para orang tua di kampung belum sepenuh nya memberikan pendidikan dan motivasi kepada anak 2 nya ,mereka menyerah kan pendidikan kepda ank 2 nya tanpa ada dorongan dari kedua belah pihak ,mereka memfasilitasi pendidikan anak tetapi mereka selalu mengira bahwa pendidika itu hnyalah di dapat kan di sekolah .
  di sini sya akan bercerita sedikit tentang masa kecil saya hidup di kampung ,
ayah dan ibu ku seorang petani ,ayah hanyalah luusan Smp,dan ibuku hanya lulusan Sma ,pada jaman dahulu kata ibu ku tamatan SMA sudah hebat mungkin kalau di ibarat kan jaman sekarang S1 tetapi waktu kecil ibu ku selalu menyaran kan kami untuk selalu rajin belajar ...belajar ,,dan beajar .
setiap malam kami semua wajib belajar kebetulan ibu ku adalah seorang ibu yang sangat cerewet ,ibu ku selalu berharap bahwa apa yang dia lakukan bisa kami lakukan ,beda sama ayah yang selalu menyaran kan kami belajar tiap malm jika merasa kelelahan ayah saya akan bercerita tentang para pejuang indonesia yang memepertahan kan indonesia ,agar semangat nasionalisme dan semngat belajar kmi tetap kuat ,itu lah ayah ,,,
ayah adalah gambaran kesederhananan hati ,dia tak pernah marah dia diam dan selalu diam padahal dia tahu segala nya tentang kita ,dan dia lah yang selalu mendoakan kita diam2 ,dia yang menguat kan ,tetpi kalau ibu tiap hari harus ada yang harus di marahi entah apa itu  yang terpenting semua itu untuk kebaikan untuk menguat kan mental hati dan fikiran kita merespon amarah nya ,dia selalu mendidik mangajari ,waktu kecil saya adalah salah satu anak yang semangat belajar nya tinggi sehingga saya tidak pernah memerdulikan kakak saya ,adik saya sewaktu sekolah ,maunya belajar,,belajar dan bermain ,saya tidaak mau membantu ibu ,membersih kan rumah dan menjaga adik , yang saya ingin kan adalah belajar dan sekolah ,
hingga sempat ibu ku berkata bahwa " bahwa ilmu itu bukan hanya belajar semua hal itu harus di pelajari karana suatu saat nanti kamu akan dewasa ,kamu harus bisa melakukan segala hal"
kata2 itu lah yang membuat saya menyanyat sampai sekarang ,dan sekarang apa yang di kata kan ibu saya terbukti hidup bukan hanya belajar akan tetapi berusaha untuk bisa melakukan segala hal ,dulu saya berfikir bahwa belajar di sekolah itu adalah segala nya ternyata tidak ,
  terima kasih ibu atas philosophi ibu ini lah yang membuat hidup saya keras dan mau berjuang untuk membahagiakan mu ,
 semoga anak2 mu ini ibu tetap mau berusaha dan berjuang agar tetap menjaga philosophi mu  .

      WE LOVE YOU ,
'"

DEFENITION CONNOTATION AND DENOTATION

A.  Denotation and Connotation

According to Abdul Chaer (2003:292), a denotation is a real meaning of a lexeme. Denotation is one of the types of meaning that is explained in semantics. The explanation of denotation by Abdul Chaer is similar with the one by O’Grady (1997:273), that denotation is a semantic attempt to equate the meaning of a word or phrase with the entities; and Richards (1985:76), that denotation is the part of the meaning of a word or phrase that relates it to the phenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible word  which all of them point out that the denotation meaning is quiet the same as a dictionary or lexical meaning.

From the quotations above, I may say that a denotative meaning is the same with a lexical meaning. For example, the denotation of the word lean (kurus) corresponds to the condition of someones body which is smaller than a normal size.

b.            Connotation

According to Abdul Chaer (2003:292), a connotation is a different meaning which is “added” to the last denotation meaning that is related with a sense from a person or group that uses the word.

Connotation is another type of meaning that is also learned in semantics. But  according to Abdul Chaer, the connotation meaning is divided into a neutral, positive, and negative one. For example, the word lean (thin) has a neutral connotation, which means that it does not have an unfavorable sense. But the word slender (simpli), which is the synonym of lean, has a positive connotation which is a favorable sense. On the contrary, the word thin (thin ), which is the synonym from thin and slender, has a negative connotation, an unfavorable sense.

From the example that is given above, the word lean, slender, and thin can be concluded that in a denotation meaning, three of them have the same meaning, but three of them have different connotations; lean is a neutral connotation, slender is a positive connotation, and thin is a negative connotation.

If conceptual meaning remains the same forever, connotative meaning may change from one time to another. Connotative meaning may also differ from one society to another because meanings have many other characteristics which different people associate with.

Euphemism Definition

The term euphemism refers to polite, indirect expressions which replace words and phrases considered harsh and impolite or which suggest something unpleasant.

Euphemism is an idiomatic expression which loses its literal meanings and refers to something else in order to hide its unpleasantness. For example, “kick the bucket” is a euphemism that describes the death of a person. In addition, many organizations use the term “downsizing” for the distressing act of “firing” its employees.
Euphemism depends largely on the social context of the speakers and writers where they feel the need to replace certain words which may prove embarrassing for particular listeners or readers in a particular situation.

Techniques for Creating Euphemism

Euphemism masks a rude or impolite expression but conveys the concept clearly and politely. Several techniques are employed to create euphemism.

• It may be in the form of abbreviations e.g. B.O. (body odor), W.C. (toilet) etc.
• Foreign words may be used to replace an impolite expression e.g. faux (fake), or faux pas (foolish error) etc.
• Sometimes, they are abstractions e.g. before I go (before I die).
• They may also be indirect expressions replacing direct ones which may sound offensive e.g. rear-end, unmentionables etc.
• Using longer words or phrases can also mask unpleasant words e.g. flatulence for farting, perspiration for sweat, mentally challenged for stupid etc.
• Using technical terms may reduce the rudeness exhibited by words e.g. gluteus maximus.
• Deliberately mispronouncing an offensive word may reduce its severity e.g. darn, shoot etc.

Euphemism Examples in Everyday Life

Euphemism is frequently used in everyday life. Let us look at some common euphemism examples:

• You are becoming a little thin on top (bald).
• Our teacher is in the family way (pregnant).
• He is always tired and emotional (drunk).
• We do not hire mentally challenged (stupid) people.
• He is a special child (disabled or retarded).

Examples of Euphemism in Literature

Example #1

Examples of euphemism referring to sex are found in William Shakespeare’s “Othello” and “Antony and Cleopatra”. In “Othello”, Act 1 Scene 1, Iago tells Brabantio:

“I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs.”

Here, the expression “making the beast with two backs” refers to the act of having sex.
Similarly, we notice Shakespeare using euphemism for sexual intercourse in his play “Antony and Cleopatra”. In Act 2 Scene 2, Agrippa says about Cleopatra:

“Royal wench!
She made great Caesar lay his sword to bed.
He plowed her, and she cropped.”

The word “plowed” refers to the act of sexual intercourse and the word “cropped” is a euphemism for becoming pregnant.

Example #2

John Donne in his poem “The Flea” employs euphemism. He says:

“Mark but this flea, and mark in this,
How little that which thou denies me is;
It suck’d me first, and now sucks thee,
And in this flea our two bloods mingled be.
Thou know’st that this cannot be said
A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead;
Yet this enjoys before it woo,
And pamper’d swells with one blood made of two;
And this, alas! is more than we would do.”

In order to persuade his beloved to sleep with him, the speaker in the poem tells her how a flea bit both of them and their blood got mixed in it. This is a euphemism.

Example #3

“The Squealer”, a character in George Orwell’s “Animal Farm”, uses euphemisms to help “the pigs” achieve their political ends. To announce the reduction of food to the animals of the farm, Orwell quotes him saying:

“For the time being,” he explains, “it had been found necessary to make a readjustment of rations.”

Substituting the word “reduction” with “readjustment” was an attempt to suppress the complaints of other animals about hunger. It works because reduction means “cutting” food supply while readjustment implies changing the current amount of food.

Function of Euphemism

Euphemism helps writers to convey those ideas which have become a social taboo and are too embarrassing to mention directly. Writers skillfully choose appropriate words to refer to and discuss a subject indirectly which otherwise are not published due to strict social censorship e.g. religious fanaticism, political theories, sexuality, death etc. Thus, euphemism is a useful tool that allows writers to write figuratively about the libelous issues




 http://literarydevices.net/euphemism/

Referent

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A referent /ˈrɛfərənt/ is a person or thing to which a linguistic expression or other symbol refers. For example, in the sentence Mary saw me, the referent of the word Mary is the particular person called Mary who is being spoken of, while the referent of the word me is the person uttering the sentence.
Two expressions which have the same referent are said to be co-referential. In the sentence John had his dog with him, for instance, the noun John and the pronoun him are co-referential, since they both refer to the same person (John).

7. References

   1. 
      
8. "Referent – Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2012-08-17.
9. 
   
10. Oxford English Dictionary, Second Edition (1989), entry for referent.
11. 
    
12. Hildegard E. Peplau, Interpersonal Relations in Nursing: A Conceptual Frame ... (2004), p. 289: "Each concept or word has both a referent and a reference. The word is the symbol; the reference is its meaning held in the mind of its user; and the referent is the actions or ob}ect the symbol signified."
13. 
    
14. David M. Miller, The net of Hephaestus: A study of modern criticism (1971): "... then, the general quality of 'dogness' suggested by the recurrence of similar sense perceptions is abstracted and stored in the memory. We now have a Referent and a Reference. Next, a symbol is constructed: visual and linguistic."
15. 
    
16. Correspondence from C. K. Ogden to Whately Carington, quoted in C. K. Ogden and Linguistics, Psychology Press, 1994, vol. 1, p. xxiii: "A 'reference' and a 'referent' are parts of a sign or symbol situation [...] 'Visualizing', as such, is not relevant. References are always 'psychological' in a sign or symbol situation; referents may be psychological, i.e., in the order of the referrer's imaginings; ..."
17. 
    
18. Ėduard Viktorovich Popov Talking with computers in natural language - 1986 - 305 pages - The problem of correspondence between a referent and a reference can also be expressed using descriptions. This can be done as follows: When entities are encountered in a text, an understanding system (either human being or computer) ...
19. 
    
ref, perldoc.perl.org




 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/referent

symbol definition

 An object or name that stands for something else, especially a material thing that stands for something that is not material. The bald eagle is a symbol of the United States of America. The cross is a symbol of Christianity. The Star of David is a symbol of Judaism. symbol definition Something that represents or suggests something else. Symbols often take the form of words, visual images, or gestures that are used to convey ideas and beliefs. All human cultures use symbols to express the underlying structure of their social systems, to represent ideal cultural characteristics, such as beauty, and to ensure that the culture is passed on to new generations. Symbolic relationships are learned rather than biologically or naturally determined, and each culture has its own symbols. The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition Copyright © 2005 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Noun 1. symbol - an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significancesymbol - an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance stock symbol - the letters used to identify listed companies on the securities exchanges where they are traded accolade, honor, laurels, honour, award - a tangible symbol signifying approval or distinction; "an award for bravery" signal, signaling, sign - any nonverbal action or gesture that encodes a message; "signals from the boat suddenly stopped" stigma, stain, brand, mark - a symbol of disgrace or infamy; "And the Lord set a mark upon Cain"--Genesis token, item - an individual instance of a type of symbol; "the word`error' contains three tokens of `r'" type - all of the tokens of the same symbol; "the word `element' contains five different types of character" nose - a symbol of inquisitiveness; "keep your nose out of it" numeral, number - a symbol used to represent a number; "he learned to write the numerals before he went to school" symbolism - a system of symbols and symbolic representations lingam - the Hindu phallic symbol of Siva pound sign, pound - a symbol for a unit of currency (especially for the pound sterling in Great Britain) printed symbol, written symbol - a written or printed symbol dollar mark, dollar sign, dollar - a symbol of commercialism or greed; "he worships the almighty dollar"; "the dollar sign means little to him" monogram - a graphic symbol consisting of 2 or more letters combined (usually your initials); printed on stationery or embroidered on clothing stamp, impression - a symbol that is the result of printing or engraving; "he put his stamp on the envelope" mantle - the cloak as a symbol of authority; "place the mantle of authority on younger shoulders" Crown - the Crown (or the reigning monarch) as the symbol of the power and authority of a monarchy; "the colonies revolted against the Crown" staff - a rod carried as a symbol icon - (computer science) a graphic symbol (usually a simple picture) that denotes a program or a command or a data file or a concept in a graphical user interface marking, mark, marker - a distinguishing symbol; "the owner's mark was on all the sheep" identifier - a symbol that establishes the identity of the one bearing it variable - a symbol (like x or y) that is used in mathematical or logical expressions to represent a variable quantity 2. symbol - something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisiblesymbol - something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible; "the eagle is a symbol of the United States" symbolic representation, symbolisation, symbolization representational process - any basic cognitive process in which some entity comes to stand for or represent something else crossbones - two crossed bones (or a representation of two crossed bones) used as a symbol danger or death cornucopia, horn of plenty - a goat's horn filled with grain and flowers and fruit symbolizing prosperity death's head - a human skull (or a representation of a human skull) used as a symbol of death oriflamme - an inspiring symbol or ideal that serves as a rallying point in a struggle white feather - a symbol of cowardice allegory, emblem - a visible symbol representing an abstract idea Based on WordNet 3.0, Farlex clipart collection. © 2003-2012 Princeton University, Farlex Inc. symbol noun 1. metaphor, image, allegory, sign, representation, token To them the monarchy is a special symbol of nationhood. 2. representation, sign, figure, mark, type, image, token, logo, badge, emblem, glyph I frequently use sunflowers as symbols of strength. 3. sign, mark, letter, character, hieroglyph, ideogram What's the chemical symbol for mercury? Collins Thesaurus of the English Language – Complete and Unabridged 2nd Edition. 2002 © HarperCollins Publishers 1995, 2002 symbolnoun 1. An object associated with and serving to identify something else: attribute, emblem. 2. A conventional mark used in a writing system: character, sign. verb To serve as an example, image, or symbol of: epitomize, exemplify, illustrate, represent, stand for, symbolize, typify. The American Heritage® Roget's Thesaurus. Copyright © 2013, 2014 by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved. TranslationsSpanish / Español Select a language: symbol [ˈsɪmbəl] N 1. (= representation) → símbolo m she became a symbol of hope to the downtrodden → se convirtió en un símbolo de esperanza para los oprimidos 2. (Chem) → símbolo m (Math) → signo m the chemical symbol for mercury → el símbolo químico del mercurio Collins Spanish Dictionary - Complete and Unabridged 8th Edition 2005 © William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd. 1971, 1988 © HarperCollins Publishers 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 2000, 2003, 2005 symbol (ˈsimbəl) noun a thing that is regarded as representing or standing for another. The dove is the symbol of peace.símbolo symˈbolic (-ˈbo-) adjective In the Christian religion, bread and wine are symbolic of Christ's body and blood.simbólico symˈbolically adverb simbólicamente ˈsymbolize, ˈsymbolise verb to be a symbol of or represent by a symbol. A ring symbolizes everlasting love.simbolizar ˈsymbolism noun simbolismo Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary © 2006-2013 K Dictionaries Ltd. symbol → símbolo Multilingual Translator © HarperCollins Publishers 2009 sym·bol n. símbolo, representación o señal que sustituye o representa en la práctica otra cosa o idea. English-Spanish Medical Dictionary © Farlex 2012





 http://www.thefreedictionary.com/symbol

MORPHLOGY AND SYNTAX

morphology is the branch of the linguistich and one of the major component of grammar that studies word structure , especially in term of morphmes , traditionally a basic distiction has been made beetwen morphology which is primarily concerned with the internal structure of word and syntax which is primarily concerned with the with the ways in which word are put together in sentences morphology is an essential subfield of linguistich .generally it aim to describe the structure of word and pattern of word formation in a language ,specufically ,it aim to pin down the princple for relating the form and meaning of morphologycally exspression . exsplain how the morphologycal unit are integrated and the resulting formotion interpreted .the study of morphology uncovers the lexical resourcs of language ,help speaker to acquare the skillof using them cretively and consequently express their thought and emotion with eloquence by Zeky Hamawand ,morphologi in english: word formation in cognitive grammar continuum ,2011 Syntax is a set of rules of language .it dictates how word from different part of speec are put together in order to convey a complete thought . syntax are closly related refert to the choice of word in a particularly situation while syntax determain how the chosen word are used to form a sentences ,most often than not adopthing s complex mean a syntaxtic structure of sentences and viceversa in combination ,syntax help writers develop tone ,mood and atmosphere in a texs a long with evoking interes of the reader . syntax affect the nature of a prose texs as well ,it enhances its meaning and contributed toward its tone ,quikness ,decisivenes and speed added to the texs by using short phrse ,clauses vocabulary can be built up out of combination of element as in the case of in descriable the conclution syntax is the systematic orderly arragement of word and phrase in order to form sentences ,it exsplain the rules for grammticall arragement of word in sentences ,simply put ,it is study of the rules for forming admissible sentences ,whereas semantic is the study of language meaning by {Rodney huddleston and Geoffrey K .Pullum ,the cumbridge grammar of the english language ,combridge university press 2002