antonym,synonymand collocation

synonym and antonym

     Learning synonyms and antonyms helps build vocabulary. English learners can use the charts below to begin learning how to use this technique. Teachers can print out the charts as examples for students to follow.

To begin with, here are definitions:

    Synonym

A word or phrase that means that same, or nearly the same as another word or phrase.

big - large
heavy - weighty
thin - slim

   Antonym

A word or phrase that means the opposite or nearly the opposite from another word or phrase.

tall - short
thick - thin
difficult - easy

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    One excellent technique of improving your vocabulary is to learn synonyms and antonyms together. You can create a chart listing both synonyms and antonyms including example sentences to help you memorize new vocabulary. Synonyms and antonyms can be learned in categories such as adjectives, adverbs, and adverbs. It's a good to begin building vocabulary by learning categories of English synonyms and antonyms. To get you started, here are a number of synonyms and antonyms arranged into categories for beginning to advanced level English learners.

Word	Synonym	Antonym	Example Sentences
big	large	small	He has a big house in California. She has a small apartment in Manhattan.
difficult	hard	easy	The test was very difficult. I think riding a bike is easy.
new	recent	used	I bought a recent book. She drives a used car.
clean	tidy	dirty	He keeps his house tidy. The car is dirty and needs to be washed.
safe	secure	dangerous	The money is secure in the bank. Walking through downtown at midnight is dangerous.
friendly	outgoing	unfriendly	Tom is outgoing with everyone. There are many unfriendly people in this town.
good	great	bad	That's a great idea! He's a bad tennis player.
cheap	inexpensive	expensive	Homes are inexpensive at the moment. That car is very expensive.
interesting	fascinating	boring	That's a fascinating story. That TV show is boring.
quiet	still	noisy	It's nice and still in this room. The children are very noisy today.

        Nouns: Beginning to Intermediate Levels

Word	Synonym	Antonym	Example Sentences
student	pupil	teacher	The pupils are in their seats. The teacher began the class.
owner	director	employee	The director hired three new people. The employees are very happy with their jobs.
earth	ground	water	The ground here is very rich. You need water to live.
day	daylight	night	It's daylight out. Get up! I usually go to bed early at night.
answer	response	question	What is your response? She asked him a number of questions.
beginning	start	end	The start is at 8 am. The end of the book is very good.
man	male	woman	Tim is a male. Jane is a woman.
dog	puppy	cat	I'd like to get a puppy. The cat meowed so I let her in the house.
food	cuisine	drink	Let's eat some French cuisine tonight. She had a drink after work.
boy	lad	girl	The lad is waiting for you in the other room. There are four girls in the class.

      Adverbs: Intermediate

Word	Synonym	Antonym	Example Sentences
fast	quickly	slowly	He drives very quickly. I slowly walked through the park.
carefully	cautiously	carelessly	Tim walked cautiously through the room checking everything. Those who drive carelessly will probably have an accident.
always	all the time	never	She easts lunch at her desk all the time. She never goes to the dentist.
seriously	thoughtfully	thoughtlessly	He thoughtfully answered the question. She speaks about her private life thoughtlessly.
colorfully	plainly	brightly	She painted the picture plainly. He brightly spoke about his adventures.

         Here are some other ideas for learning synonyms and antonyms:

• Use vocabulary trees to help you organize synonyms and antonyms into categories such things and places in the home, business related vocabulary for work, etc.
• Build word form charts based on the synonyms and antonyms you are learning.
• Make synonym and antonym flash cards to quickly check your knowledge.
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here are some more examples of synonyms:

synonyms			part of speech
close	shut		verb
blow up	explode		verb
blow up	inflate		verb
shallow	superficial		adjective
eager	earnest	keen	adjective
spontaneous	impromptu	unplanned	adjective

      Definition

A collocation is a familiar grouping of words, especially words that habitually appear together and thereby convey meaning by association.

Collocational range refers to the set of items that typically accompany a word. The size of a collocational range is partially determined by a word's level of specificity and number of meanings.

The term collocation (from the Latin for "place together") was first used in its linguistic sense by British linguist John Rupert Firth (1890-1960), who famously observed, "You shall know a word by the company it keeps."

     Examples and Observations

• "Once upon a time there was a Martian named Valentine Michael Smith."
  (Robert Heinlein, Stranger in a Strange Land, 1961)
• 
  
• Once upon a time and a very good time it was there was a moocow coming down along the road and this moocow that was coming down along the road met a nicens little boy named baby tuckoo."
  (James Joyce, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, 1916)
• "The mule has more horse sense than a horse. He knows when to stop eating--and he knows when to stop working."
  (Harry S Truman)
• "I'm an incredible man, possessing an iron will and nerves of steel--two traits that have helped me become the genius I am today as well as the lady killer I was in days gone by."
  (William Morgan Sheppard as Dr. Ira Graves, "The Schizoid Man." Star Trek: The Next Generation, 1989)

•     Collocational Range
  "Two main factors can influence the collocational range of an item (Beekman and Callow, 1974). The first is its level of specificity: the more general a word is, the broader its collocational range; the more specific it is, the more restricted its collocational range. The verb bury is likely to have a much broader collocational range than any of its hyponyms, such as inter or entomb, for example. Only people can be interred, but you can bury people, a treasure, your head, face, feelings, andmemories. The second factor which determines the collocational range of an item is the number of senses it has. Most words have several senses and they tend to attract a different set of collocates for each sense."
  (Mona Baker, In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation. Routledge, 1992)
•   The Lighter Side: George Carlin on Collocations in Advertising
  "Quality, value, style,
  service, selection, convenience,
  economy, savings, performance,
  experience, hospitality,
  low rates, friendly service,
  name brands, easy terms,
  affordable prices, money-back guarantee,
  free installation
• 
  
• .http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/collocationterm.htm

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